In the process of  metabolism, the cell produces some useful and some waste products. The substances that are useful, need to be transported to other cells, while harmful substances are to be eliminated.Circulatory System is formed in higher animals which transports both useful and waste products, to and fro to their target parts within the body.

Transportation in Human Beings

Transport system in  Human Beings is called as the Circulatory System

Transportation is an Important process in Human Beings that involves the movement of essential substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body. It ensures that all parts of the body receive the necessary materials for survival and that waste products are eliminated efficiently. Without Transportation, the body would not be able to carry out its functions and sustain life. The Circulatory System, which is responsible for the Transportation of Blood and other substances, plays a crucial role in this process. 

2 Types of Transportation Systems in Human Beings

The Human Body has two major Transportation systems- 

• The Blood Vascular System 
• The Lymphatic System

The Blood Vascular System

The Blood Vascular System, also known as the Cardiovascular System. It is responsible for the circulation of Blood throughout the body. It consists of 

• The Heart
• Blood Vessels 
• Blood

The Heart pumps Blood through the Blood Vessels- Arteries, Veins and Capillaries. Arteries are Blood Vessels that carry oxygen-rich Blood away from the Heart to various parts of the body. Veins carry oxygen-depleted Blood from the body’s tissues back to the Heart. Capillaries are small Blood Vessels that connect Arteries and Veins and allow for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the Blood and tissues.

Blood is composed of Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets and Plasma. Red Blood Cells contain haemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen and transports it to the body’s tissues. White Blood Cells are responsible for fighting infections and foreign invaders in the body. Platelets help in Blood clotting, which is important in wound healing. Plasma is a fluid that carries nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body.

The Lymphatic System

The Lymphatic System is a network of vessels, organs and tissues that help maintain fluid balance in the body and defend against infections. It contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, the spleen, the thymus and the tonsils.

Lymphatic vessels carry lymph instead of Blood. Lymph is a clear fluid that contains White Blood Cells, proteins and other substances. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and remove foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. The spleen helps to filter the Blood and remove old or damaged Red Blood Cells. The thymus produces T-cells, which are important in fighting infections, while the tonsils help to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

The Lymphatic System works together with the Blood Vascular System to remove excess fluid from tissues and return it to the Bloodstream. It also plays a key role in the body’s immune response, helping to defend against infections and diseases.

Also Check – Key Organs of the Lymphatic System: Functions and Locations.

The Blood Vascular System

The Blood Vascular System is composed of the Heart, Blood Vessels and Blood. Its main function is to transport oxygen, nutrients and waste products to and from various parts of the body.

The Heart

• The Heart is a vital organ responsible for circulating Blood throughout the body. 
• It is located in the chest, slightly to the left of the midline. 
• Heart is a muscular organ that plays the role of a pump in the Circulatory System.
• Its pumping action maintains the circulation of Blood. 
• The size of our Heart is as big as our fist.
• It is situated in between the lungs slightly tilted towards the left. 
• A sheath of tissue called ‘pericardium’ protects the muscular Heart. 
• Between the Heart and the pericardium is a fluid which reduces the friction produced during Heartbeat.

4 Chambers Of Heart 

The Heart is divided into four chambers- 

• The Right Atrium
• The Right Ventricle
• The Left Atrium 
• The Left Ventricle.

The Right Atrium receives deoxygenated Blood from the body and pumps it into The Right Ventricle. The Right Ventricle then pumps the deoxygenated Blood to the lungs where it can be oxygenated. The Left Atrium receives oxygenated Blood from the lungs and pumps it into The Left Ventricle. The Left Ventricle then pumps the oxygenated Blood to the rest of the body through the Arteries.

The right and left sides of the Heart are separated by a muscular wall called the septum. This prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated Blood in the Heart.

The walls of the ventricles are thicker than the walls of the atria because they need to generate more force to pump Blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. The Left Ventricle has the thickest wall of all four chambers, as it has to pump Blood to the entire body.

The coordinated contraction of the Heart chambers is essential for efficient circulation.

Pumping Action of the Heart

• Left atrium receives oxygenated Blood from the lungs via Pulmonary vein. 
• During this collection, The Left Atrium relaxes.
• It then contracts, while the next chamber, the left  ventricle expands, so that the Blood is transferred to it.
• As The Left Ventricle contracts, the Blood is then pumped out for circulation in the body. Deoxygenated Blood collected from the body enters The Right Atrium as it expands.
• When The Right Atrium The Right Atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, i.e. The Right Ventricle dilates.
• Deoxygenated Blood thus enters in it which inturn is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation. This whole process is repeated continuously. 
• Valves are the muscular flaps which ensure that Blood does not flow backwards when the atria or ventricles contract.

Also Check – Heart Valves- Types, Location, Structure and Functions

Mechanism of Pumping Action of Heart

• The Pumping action of the Heart is a complex process that involves the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the Heart’s chambers. The electrical signals that control this process originate in the Sinoatrial (SA) node, which is sometimes called the Heart’s natural pacemaker. The SA node is located in The Right Atrium and sends electrical impulses to the Atrioventricular (AV) node, which is located between the atria and ventricles.
• The AV node relays the electrical signal to The Bundle of His, which is a collection of specialised muscle fibres that conducts the signal through the ventricles. From the bundle of His, the electrical signal is distributed through the Purkinje fibres, which are specialised cells that conduct electrical impulses throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract.
• During the Cardiac Cycle, the Heart goes through two phases- Diastole and systole. During Diastole, the Heart relaxes and fills with Blood from the atria. This is when the SA node sends an electrical signal to the AV node, which triggers the atria to contract, pushing Blood into the ventricles. During systole, the ventricles contract, pushing Blood out of the Heart and into the Arteries that carry Blood to the rest of the body.
• The pumping action of the Heart is crucial for maintaining Blood flow and delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues. Any disruption in the Heart’s electrical system can lead to irregular Heartbeats or arrhythmias, which can affect the Heart’s ability to pump Blood effectively.

Also Check – Circulation of Blood In the Heart

Blood

• It is a red coloured fluid connective tissue, it  circulates in the Human Body. 
• Blood is red because it contains a red pigment called hemoglobin in its red cells. 
• It supplies nutrients and oxygen, etc  to all parts of the body
• It  collects waste products and carbon dioxide which is to be thrown out of the body.

Components Of Blood

Blood is composed of several different components-

• Red Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells 
• Platelets
• Plasma.

Red Blood Cells

Structure

• Red Blood Cells are biconcave in shape, which gives them a large surface area-to-volume ratio and makes them flexible enough to squeeze through the narrowest of Blood Vessels.
• They are filled with a protein called hemoglobin, which gives them their red color and allows them to bind to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Biconcave Shape-Red Blood Cells have a characteristic biconcave shape that helps them perform their function effectively.
• This shape increases their surface area-to-volume ratio, which enhances the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the surrounding environment.
• It also makes them flexible and able to squeeze through narrow Capillaries and Blood Vessels.

Function

The main function of Red Blood Cells, also known as erythrocytes, is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and to carry carbon dioxide back from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled.

Haemoglobin-

• Haemoglobin is a protein made up of four globular protein subunits, each of which contains a heme group that binds to an oxygen molecule.
• This protein is responsible for the red colour of Blood and for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• When haemoglobin binds to oxygen, it becomes bright red and when it binds to carbon dioxide, it turns a darker red.

Production and Lifespan

• Red Blood Cells are produced in the bone marrow and have a lifespan of about 120 days before they are removed from circulation by the spleen.
• The production of Red Blood Cells is regulated by a hormone called erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the Blood.

Disorders and Diseases

• Several disorders and diseases can affect Red Blood Cells, such as anaemia, sickle cell disease and thalassemia.
• Anaemia is a condition where there are not enough Red Blood Cells or haemoglobin in the Blood, which can result in fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath.
• Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that affects the shape of Red Blood Cells and can cause pain, organ damage and stroke.
• Thalassemia is an inherited Blood disorder that affects the production of haemoglobin, leading to anaemia and other complications

White Blood Cells

Definition

White Blood Cells, also known as leukocytes, are a type of Blood cell that helps the body fight against infections and diseases. They are part of the body’s immune system and play a crucial role in protecting the body against harmful pathogens.

Types of White Blood Cells-

There are several types of White Blood Cells, each with their own specific functions-

Neutrophils- the most abundant type of White Blood Cell, responsible for fighting bacterial infections.

Lymphocytes- involved in fighting viral infections and producing antibodies that recognize and neutralise foreign substances.

Monocytes- responsible for fighting against infections and are also involved in tissue repair.

Eosinophils- involved in the immune response against parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

Basophils- involved in the immune response against allergic reactions and inflammation.

Functions of White Blood Cells-

• Fight infections- White Blood Cells are responsible for identifying and attacking foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses and parasites.
• Recognize and destroy abnormal cells- White Blood Cells can identify and destroy abnormal cells, such as cancer cells.
• Produce antibodies- Some types of White Blood Cells produce antibodies that recognize and neutralise foreign substances.
• Inflammation- White Blood Cells are involved in the process of inflammation, which is the body’s response to injury or infection.

Regulation of White Blood Cells-

4. The production and activity of White Blood Cells are regulated by various factors, including hormones and cytokines. The bone marrow produces White Blood Cells and their production is influenced by growth factors such as colony-stimulating factors. The number and activity of White Blood Cells can also be influenced by various lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise and stress.

Platelets-

• Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colourless cell fragments that play a critical role in Blood clotting.
• They are formed in the bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes.
• Platelets circulate in the Bloodstream for about 7-10 days before being removed by the liver and spleen.
• When a Blood vessel is damaged, Platelets are activated and begin to clump together to form a plug that stops the bleeding.
• They also release chemicals that trigger a complex cascade of events that ultimately lead to the formation of a Blood clot.
• The process of Blood clotting is called hemostasis and it involves a series of steps including platelet activation, clot formation and clot dissolution.
• Without Platelets, even a minor injury could result in excessive bleeding and potentially life-threatening complications.
• Certain medical conditions or medications can cause platelet levels to drop, leading to a higher risk of bleeding.
• Platelet transfusions may be used to treat certain bleeding disorders or to prevent excessive bleeding during surgery.

Also Check – What will happen if Platelets were Absent in the Blood

Plasma

• Plasma is the straw-coloured fluid  of the blood.
• It is about 55% of blood volume. It is made up of water with various substances dissolved in it.
• These include proteins, salts, glucose, nitrogenous compounds etc in it .
• Blood cells are suspended in the plasma. 
• It transports carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.

Also Check – 12 Important Functions of Blood Plasma

Functions of Blood

• Supply of oxygen to all parts of the body.
• Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
• Helps to remove waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid from all parts of the body.
• Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies.
• Coagulation, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of blood from a liquid to a semi-solid gel to stop bleeding.
• Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue damage
• It regulates the PH of the body.
• Regulates body temperature. Read more …

Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels are the tubes that carry Blood throughout the body. They include Arteries, Veins and Capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated Blood away from the Heart, while Veins carry deoxygenated Blood back to the Heart. Capillaries are the smallest Blood Vessels and are responsible for exchanging oxygen, nutrients and waste products between the Blood and body tissues.

Types of Blood Vessels-

Arteries- 

• Arteries are thick-walled, muscular and elastic Blood Vessels that carry oxygenated Blood away from the Heart. 
• The largest artery in the body is the aorta, which branches into smaller Arteries that supply Blood to various parts of the body.

Also Check – Why Do Arteries Have Thick Elastic Walls ?

Veins- 

• Veins are thin-walled Blood Vessels that carry deoxygenated Blood back to the Heart. 
• They have valves that prevent backflow of Blood. 
• The largest vein in the body is the vena cava, which carries Blood from the lower and upper body back to the Heart.

Also Check – 15 Important Differences Between Arteries and Veins

Capillaries- 

• Capillaries are tiny Blood Vessels that connect Arteries and Veins. 
• They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between the Blood and body tissues. 
• Capillary walls are very thin, allowing for easy diffusion of substances.

Role of the Blood Vessels in Transportation-

• Blood Vessels play a crucial role in transporting oxygen, nutrients and waste products throughout the body. 
• Arteries carry oxygenated Blood to the body tissues.
•  Veins carry deoxygenated Blood back to the Heart for reoxygenation. 
• Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between the Blood and body tissues. 
• Blood pressure is maintained by the contraction of the Heart and the elastic properties of the Blood Vessels. Any disruption in the Blood vessel system can lead to serious health problems, such as hypertension, stroke, or Heart attack.

Also Check – 8 Difference Between Arteries , Veins and Capillaries

Cardiac Cycle

The Cardiac Cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur during one complete Heartbeat. This cycle includes the relaxation phase of the Heart (Diastole) and the contraction phase of the Heart (systole). The Cardiac Cycle is important in maintaining proper Blood flow throughout the body.

Systole and Diastole

During the Cardiac Cycle, the Heart goes through two main phases- systole and Diastole. Diastole is the relaxation phase of the Heart, during which the atria and ventricles are relaxed and filled with Blood. Systole is the contraction phase of the Heart, during which the atria and ventricles contract to pump Blood out of the Heart and into the Circulatory System.

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

The electrical conduction system of the Heart is responsible for controlling the rhythm and rate of the Heartbeat. It is composed of specialised Cardiac muscle cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses throughout the Heart. The main components of the electrical conduction system include-

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node- This is the natural pacemaker of the Heart, located in The Right Atrium. It generates electrical impulses that regulate the Heartbeat.
2. Atrioventricular (AV) node- This is located in the lower part of The Right Atrium and acts as a gatekeeper, controlling the flow of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles.
3. Bundle of His- This is a specialised group of cells that conducts the electrical impulses from the AV node down to the ventricles.
4. Purkinje fibres- These are specialised muscle fibres that conduct the electrical impulses rapidly throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract in unison.

Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure is the force exerted by the Blood against the walls of the Arteries as it flows through them. It is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and consists of two numbers, the Systolic Pressure (the top number) and the Diastolic Pressure (the bottom number).
• This pressure is much greater in Arteries than in Veins. 
• The pressure of Blood inside the artery during ventricular systole or contraction phase, is called the Systolic Pressure.
•  The pressure of Blood in the artery during ventricular Diastole or relaxation phase is called the Diastolic Pressure. 
• The normal Systolic Pressure is about 120 mm of Hg And Diastolic Pressure is 80 mm of Hg.
• Blood pressure is measured by a sphygmomanometer. 
• High Blood pressure is known as hypertension and is caused by the constriction of arterioles.
• It results in increased resistance to the flow of Blood which may lead to the rupture of an artery and causes internal bleeding.
• One cycle of contraction (systole) and relaxation (Diastole) constitutes the Cardiac Cycle.
• Disorders of Circulatory System are atherosclerosis, Heart attack, arteriosclerosis, angina, etc. 
• The average number of Heart beats of a person at rest is about 70 to 72 per minute, but the number of Heart beats increases too much after a physical exercise or when a person is excited.

Systolic and Diastolic Pressure

The Systolic Pressure is the pressure in the Arteries when the Heart contracts during systole, while the Diastolic Pressure is the pressure in the Arteries when the Heart is relaxed during Diastole. For example, if someone’s Blood pressure reading is 120/80 mmHg, their Systolic Pressure is 120 mmHg and their Diastolic Pressure is 80 mmHg.

Regulation of Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure is regulated by several factors like the nervous system, hormones and the cardiovascular system. 
• The nervous system, specifically the sympathetic nervous system, can increase Blood pressure by causing the Arteries to constrict, while the parasympathetic nervous system can decrease Blood pressure by causing the Arteries to dilate. 
• Hormones such as adrenaline and aldosterone can also affect Blood pressure. 
• The cardiovascular system helps regulate Blood pressure by adjusting the amount of Blood pumped out of the Heart with each beat, as well as the diameter of the Blood Vessels.

The Process of Circulation in Human Beings 

The process of circulation in Human Beings is essential for the Transportation of oxygen, nutrients and waste products to and from various parts of the body. The Circulatory System is composed of the Heart, Blood Vessels and Blood.

Pulmonary Circulation-

• Pulmonary Circulation is the part of the Circulatory System that deals with the oxygenation of Blood in the lungs. 
• The deoxygenated Blood from the body is carried by the Veins to The Right Atrium of the Heart. 
• From The Right Atrium, the Blood passes into The Right Ventricle, which then pumps it to the lungs through the Pulmonary artery. 
• In the lungs, the Blood is oxygenated and carbon dioxide is removed through the process of respiration. 
• The oxygenated Blood is then carried back to the Heart through the Pulmonary Veins and enters The Left Atrium.

Systemic Circulation-

• Systemic Circulation is the part of the Circulatory System that deals with the delivery of oxygenated Blood to the body. 
• From The Left Atrium, the oxygenated Blood is passed into The Left Ventricle. 
• The Left Ventricle pumps the Blood out of the Heart through the aorta, the largest artery in the body. 
• From the aorta, the Blood is distributed to all parts of the body through smaller Arteries, arterioles and Capillaries. 
• In the Capillaries, oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the body tissues and waste products such as carbon dioxide are removed. 
• The deoxygenated Blood then returns to the Heart through the Veins and the whole process starts again.

Also Check – Double Circulation -Definition, 2 Loops, Flowchart,Types, Importance

Transportation of Nutrients and Gases 

The Human Circulatory System is responsible for the Transportation of nutrients and gases throughout the body. Nutrient Transportation refers to the absorption and delivery of nutrients to cells, while gas Transportation involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues.

Nutrient Transportation

• The process of nutrient Transportation begins with the digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food we eat. 
• Nutrients are absorbed into the Bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine and transported to the liver. 
• The liver processes and stores nutrients before releasing them back into the Bloodstream to be transported to cells throughout the body.
• The Transportation of nutrients is facilitated by the Blood Vessels. 
• Nutrients are carried in the Plasma, the liquid component of Blood and transported through the Arteries to reach the tissues that require them. 
• Once the nutrients have been delivered to the cells, they are used for energy, growth and repair.

Gas Transportation

• The process of gas Transportation involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues. 
• Oxygen is necessary for the production of energy in cells, while carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular metabolism.
• In the lungs, oxygen is absorbed into the Bloodstream through the walls of the alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs. 
• The oxygen-rich Blood is then transported through the Pulmonary Veins to The Left Atrium of the Heart and then to The Left Ventricle, which pumps the oxygenated Blood out to the rest of the body through the Systemic Circulation.
• In the tissues, oxygen is delivered to the cells via the Capillaries. 
• The oxygen diffuses from the Capillaries into the cells and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the Capillaries. 
• The carbon dioxide-rich Blood is then transported back to the Heart via the Veins and returned to the lungs for exhalation.

The Lymphatic System

The Lymphatic System is a network of vessels, tissues and organs that work together to maintain fluid balance in the body and help defend against infections. It is an important part of the immune system and plays a key role in absorbing and transporting fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system.

Components of the Lymphatic System

4 Important Components of The Lymphatic System are as follows – 

• Lymph –Lymph is a colourless, watery fluid that is part of the lymphatic system. It is produced by the lymphatic vessels and contains white blood cells, proteins, and other substances. Lymph flows through the lymphatic vessels and is filtered by the lymph nodes. It  act as a defence mechanism against foreign substances and infection. Lymph plays an important role in the immune system.It helps to remove waste products, toxins and pathogens from the body. It also helps to transport fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system into the bloodstream.
• Lymph Nodes- Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and help to trap and destroy bacteria and other harmful substances.
• Lymphatic Vessels- Thin-walled vessels that carry lymph from the tissues and organs back to the Bloodstream.
• Lymphoid Organs- Spleen, thymus and tonsils, which are responsible for producing and storing immune cells.

Also Check – 9 Important function of Lymphatic System

Lymph

• Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, a network of vessels and organs that helps to maintain fluid balance in the body and defend against infections and diseases.
• Lymph is formed from the interstitial fluid, a fluid that surrounds cells and tissues and is similar in composition to blood plasma.
• Lymph contains lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps to recognize and fight infections and foreign substances in the body.
• Lymph also contains other immune system cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells that help to identify and destroy foreign substances and cancer cells.
• Lymph travels through lymphatic vessels, which are similar to veins, and eventually drains into the lymph nodes, small bean-shaped structures located throughout the body that filter and remove foreign substances and cellular waste from the lymph.

Also Check – Composition of the Lymph

Also Check – 15 Important Functions of Lymph

Lymph Nodes

• Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph, a clear fluid that contains immune cells and waste products.
• They are found throughout the body, but are most concentrated in the neck, armpits and Groin.
• Lymph nodes help to trap and destroy bacteria and other harmful substances.
• When lymph nodes become swollen or tender, it is often a sign of infection or inflammation.

Lymphatic Vessels

• Lymphatic vessels are thin-walled vessels that carry lymph from the tissues and organs back to the Bloodstream.
• They are similar to Veins, but have valves that prevent backflow of lymph.
• Lymphatic vessels eventually lead to the lymph nodes, where lymph is filtered and immune cells are activated.

Lymphoid Organs

• Spleen– The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ and is located in the abdomen. It filters Blood and removes old or damaged Red Blood Cells and Platelets.
• Thymus– The thymus is a small organ located behind the breastbone. It is responsible for the production and maturation of T cells, a type of White Blood Cell.
• Tonsils– The tonsils are small masses of lymphoid tissue located in the throat. They help to trap and destroy bacteria and other harmful substances.

Role of The Lymphatic System in Immune Function

• The Lymphatic System plays a crucial role in immune function by defending the body against infections and diseases.
• Immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages are produced and stored in the lymphoid organs and circulate through the lymphatic vessels and nodes.
• When foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells are detected, immune cells are activated and travel to the site of infection or injury to eliminate the threat.

Role of The Lymphatic System in Fluid Balance

• The Lymphatic System also plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance in the body.
• It collects excess fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the Bloodstream to prevent swelling and edema.
• When the Lymphatic System is not functioning properly, fluid can accumulate in the tissues, leading to swelling and edema.

Disorders of the Circulatory System

Hypertension

Hypertension, also known as high Blood pressure, is a condition in which the force of the Blood against the walls of the Arteries is too high. This can cause damage to the Arteries and increase the risk of Heart disease, stroke and kidney disease. The causes of hypertension can vary, but can include genetics, unhealthy lifestyle choices (such as a poor diet, lack of exercise and smoking), stress and underlying health conditions.

Heart diseases

Coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease occurs when the Arteries that supply Blood to the Heart become narrowed or blocked, often due to the buildup of plaque. This can lead to chest pain, Heart attack and other serious complications.

Heart attack

A Heart attack occurs when Blood flow to a part of the Heart is blocked, usually due to a Blood clot. This can cause damage to the Heart muscle and lead to serious complications or even death.

Stroke

 A stroke occurs when Blood flow to the brain is disrupted, either by a Blood clot or a ruptured Blood vessel. This can cause damage to the brain and lead to serious complications, including paralysis and cognitive impairment.

Blood Disorders

Anaemia

Anaemia is a condition in which the body doesn’t have enough Red Blood Cells or haemoglobin, which can result in fatigue, weakness and other symptoms. Causes of anaemia can include a deficiency in iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid, as well as underlying health conditions.

Leukaemia

Leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the Blood and bone marrow, leading to the overproduction of abnormal White Blood Cells. This can result in a range of symptoms, including fatigue, fever and increased susceptibility to infections. The causes of leukaemia are not fully understood, but can include genetic factors and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.

Frequently asked Questions on Transportation in Human Beings

What is the importance of Transportation in Human beings?

What is the Circulatory system, and what role does it play in the Transportation process?

What are the two major Transportation Systems in human beings, and how do they differ from each other?

What is the Composition of Blood and what are the functions of its different components?

What is the Lymphatic system and what role does it play in maintaining fluid balance in the body?

What is the Heart and what is its function in the circulatory system?

How is the Heart structured and what are the four chambers of the heart?

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What is the pumping action of the heart, and how does it ensure proper oxygenation of the blood?

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How are red blood cells produced, and what hormone regulates their production?

What is haemoglobin and what is its role in the blood?

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What is nutrient transportation, and how does it occur in the human body?

What is gas transportation and how does it occur in the human body?

What is the lymphatic system and what are its components?

What is the role of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

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