Class 12 Archives - CBSE Class Notes Online

What Are Transition Elements? Properties, Periodic Table Location, and Atomisation Enthalpy

May 29, 2025June 15, 2025 - by Jaishree Gorane - Leave a Comment

Transition elements, or d-block metals (Groups 3–12), feature partially filled d-orbitals and exhibit unique properties such as variable oxidation states, colored compounds, and catalytic activity. Located centrally on the periodic table, they have high atomisation enthalpy due to strong metallic bonding and unpaired d-electrons. Inner transition elements include lanthanides and actinides with f-orbitals.

Class 11 / Class 12 / NEET Biology

Antigen and Pathogen – Differences, Definitions and Functions

March 18, 2024April 20, 2025 - by Jaishree Gorane - Leave a Comment

Antigens and pathogens are distinct entities in immunology. Antigens trigger immune responses without causing harm, while pathogens directly cause disease. This article outlines their differences in terms of structure, function, and immune interaction-essential knowledge for biology, medicine, and vaccine science.

Class 11 / Class 12 / NEET Biology

Difference Between Antigens and Antibodies – Structure, Function, and Role in Immunity

March 18, 2024April 20, 2025 - by Jaishree Gorane - Leave a Comment

Antigens and antibodies differ in several aspects. Antigens, like bacteria or viruses, trigger immune responses and can originate from within the body in autoimmune diseases. Antibodies, produced in response to antigens, neutralise or eliminate them, aiding in immunity. They vary in molecular structure, origin, and function etc..

Key Organs of the Immune System -Explained in Details

February 7, 2024April 20, 2025 - by Jaishree Gorane - Leave a Comment

This article delves into the immune system, emphasising its organs, such as white blood cells, the lymphatic system, bone marrow, skin, mucous membranes, appendix, and tonsils. It explains their roles in defending against pathogens through mechanisms like producing white blood cells, filtering blood, and creating physical barriers.

Biology Concepts / Class 10 / Class 12 / Class 9 / Science Facts

Voluntary and Involuntary muscles – Characteristics, Differences and Similarities

February 4, 2024February 5, 2024 - by Jaishree Gorane - Leave a Comment

The article explores the characteristics, differences, and similarities between voluntary muscles (which we control consciously, like when walking or jumping) and involuntary muscles (which operate automatically, handling essential functions like heartbeats and digestion). It delves into their control mechanisms, appearances, fatigue levels, and their crucial roles in daily life and bodily functions, providing examples of each and highlighting their significance in movement, stability, and internal processes.

Biology / Biology Concepts / Chapter 1 - Nutrition in Plants / Class 10 / Class 12 / Class 7 / nutrition / Respiration / Science / Science Facts / Uncategorized

Hydrilla Experiment – Reveals the Release of Oxygen during Photosynthesis

July 6, 2023February 6, 2024 - by Jaishree Gorane - 1 Comment

The Hydrilla experiment demonstrates photosynthesis by observing oxygen bubble production under varied light conditions. Using Hydrilla, water, sodium bicarbonate, and light, we can visually see photosynthesis rates through bubble count, highlighting the process’s dependency on light and CO₂.

Small Intestine- Structure , Functions and Movement in the Digestive System

July 1, 2023July 1, 2023 - by Jaishree Gorane - Leave a Comment

The small intestine of the human digestive system – parts (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), its functions (digestion, absorption) and its structure (villi, layers). Learn about its role in the absorption of nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, how peristalsis drives food and the effects of infections. The anatomy of the small intestine, its functions and its importance to the digestive system

The Pancreas – Structure, Function and Hormonal Secretions

June 30, 2023June 30, 2023 - by Jaishree Gorane - Leave a Comment

The pancreas is a glandular organ located in the abdominal cavity. It has a complex structure consisting of various parts, including the head, body, and tail. Functionally, the pancreas plays a crucial role in both the digestive and endocrine systems. It produces and secretes digestive enzymes and juices, essential for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Additionally, the pancreas secretes important hormones like insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. The pancreatic structure, function, and hormonal secretions are vital for maintaining overall health and metabolic balance.

Liver – Structure, Functions, Disorders, Regeneration

June 29, 2023June 29, 2023 - by Jaishree Gorane - 1 Comment

The liver, a vital organ known for its remarkable structure and function, comprises four lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate. It is supported by the falciform ligament and surrounded by Glisson’s capsule. The liver’s crucial components include the common hepatic duct, hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, lobes, lobules, and the protective peritoneum. Its intricate structure enables it to perform vital functions in the body.

Structure and functional units of the Liver

June 28, 2023June 29, 2023 - by Jaishree Gorane - 1 Comment

The liver, a vital organ in the human body, consists of numerous structural and functional units called Hepatic lobules. Each lobule consists of hepatic cells, sinusoids and a central vein. The hepatocytes in the lobules perform various metabolic functions, such as detoxification, protein synthesis and bile production. Understanding the intricate structure and function of the liver units is crucial to understanding liver physiology.