Class 10

The Napoleonic Code, established in 1804 by Napoleon Bonaparte, revolutionised European legal systems, abolishing birth privileges and ensuring equality before the law. It secured property rights and simplified administrative divisions, impacting regions under French control. Despite criticisms, its principles spread, shaping modern legal frameworks worldwide and liberating societies from feudal and guild restrictions.

The Napoleonic Code, instituted in 1804 by Napoleon Bonaparte, aimed to revolutionize French law, embodying principles of the French Revolution. It abolished birth privileges, ensured legal equality, and protected property rights. Its influence spread globally, shaping legal systems and promoting economic freedom. Despite criticism, its legacy endures, laying the foundation for modern legal frameworks worldwide.

Otto von Bismarck, known as the “Iron Chancellor,” was the Prussian statesman who masterminded German unification. Serving as Prime Minister, he skillfully used diplomacy and wars against Austria and France to consolidate German states under Prussian leadership, ultimately proclaiming the German Empire in 1871. His Realpolitik approach significantly shaped modern Germany’s political

Mazzini’s life and work were characterised by his unwavering commitment to the cause of Italian unification and the spread of democratic ideals, making him a pivotal figure in the history of nationalism in Europe.

Garibaldi’s life was marked by his unwavering commitment to the cause of Italian unification, his ability to inspire and lead volunteers, and his adaptability in the face of changing political circumstances. His legacy is that of one of the most celebrated Italian freedom fighters, whose actions were instrumental in the creation of a unified Italy.