Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italian freedom fighter - CBSE Class Notes Online

Early Life and Background:

Born in 1807, Giuseppe Garibaldi came from a family engaged in coastal trade.
Initially, he was a sailor in the merchant navy, which exposed him to various ideas and cultures.

Involvement with Mazzini and Young Italy:

In 1833, Garibaldi met Giuseppe Mazzini and became involved with the Young Italy movement.
He actively participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834, showing his early commitment to the cause of Italian unification and republicanism.

Garibaldi’s life was marked by his unwavering commitment to the cause of Italian unification, his ability to inspire and lead volunteers, and his adaptability in the face of changing political circumstances. His legacy is that of one of the most celebrated Italian freedom fighters, whose actions were instrumental in the creation of a unified Italy.

Exile and Return:

Following the suppression of the uprising, Garibaldi was forced to flee to South America, where he lived in exile until 1848.
His time in South America was significant in shaping his military skills and revolutionary ideas.

Support for Victor Emmanuel II:

By 1854, Garibaldi had returned to Italy and began supporting Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont in the efforts to unify the Italian states.
This marked a shift from his earlier republican ideals to a more pragmatic approach towards unification under a monarchy.

Expedition of the Thousand:

In 1860, he led the famous Expedition of the Thousand to South Italy, which was a pivotal moment in the unification process.
Starting with a small force, the number of volunteers swelled to about 30,000, known as the Red Shirts, indicating widespread support for the cause.

Campaign Against the Papal States:

In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to challenge the Papal States, the last obstacle to complete unification.
Despite initial setbacks against the combined French and Papal troops, this campaign laid the groundwork for the final unification of Italy.

Final Unification of Italy:

The unification was completed in 1870 when, amid the Franco-Prussian War, French troops were withdrawn from Rome, allowing the incorporation of the Papal States into Italy.
Garibaldi’s role was crucial in rallying support, both military and popular, for the unification efforts.

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